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- Critical Review: Tim O'Brien's
- The Things They Carried
-
-
- Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried is not a novel about the Vietnam War.
- It is a story about the soldiers and their experiences and emotions that are brought
- about from the war. O'Brien makes several statements about war through these dynamic
- characters. He shows the violent nature of soldiers under the pressures of war, he
- makes an effective antiwar statement, and he comments on the reversal of a social deviation
- into the norm. By skillfully employing the stylistic technique of specific, conscious
- detail selection and utilizing connotative diction, O'Brien thoroughly and convincingly makes
- each point.
-
- The violent nature that the soldiers acquired during their tour in Vietnam is
- one of O'Brien's predominant themes in his novel. By consciously selecting very descriptive
- details that reveal the drastic change in manner within the men, O'Brien creates
- within the reader an understanding of the effects of war on its participants. One of the
- soldiers, "Norman Bowler, otherwise a very gentle person, carried a Thumb. . .The Thumb was
- dark brown, rubbery to touch. . . It had been cut from a VC corpse, a boy of fifteen
- or sixteen"(13). Bowler had been a very good-natured person in civilian life, yet war
- makes him into a very hard-mannered, emotionally devoid soldier, carrying about a severed
- finger as a trophy, proud of his kill. The transformation shown through Bowler is an
- excellent indicator of the psychological and emotional change that most of the soldiers undergo.
- To bring an innocent young man from sensitive to apathetic, from caring to hateful,
- requires a great force; the war provides this force. However, frequently are the changes more
- drastic. A soldier named "Ted Lavender adopted an orphaned puppy. . .Azar strapped it
- to a Claymore antipersonnel mine and squeezed the firing device"(39). Azar has become
- demented; to kill a puppy that someone else has adopted is horrible. However, the
- infliction of violence has become the norm of behavior for these men; the fleeting
- moment of compassion shown by one man is instantly erased by another, setting order back
- within the group. O'Brien here shows a hint of sensitivity among the men to set up a
- startling contrast between the past and the present for these men. The effect produced on the
- reader by this contrast is one of horror; therefore fulfilling O'Brien's purpose, to
- convince the reader of war's severely negative effects. In the buffalo story, "We came across
- a baby water buffalo. . .After supper Rat Kiley went over and stroked its nose. . .He stepped
- back and shot it through the right front knee. . .He shot it twice in the flanks. It wasn't
- to kill, it was to hurt"(85). Rat displays a severe emotional problem here; however, it is still
- the norm. The startling degree of detached emotion brought on by the war is inherent in
- O'Brien's detailed accounts of the soldiers' actions concerning the lives of other
- beings.
-
- O'Brien's use of specific and connotative diction enhances the same theme, the
- loss of sensitivity and increase in violent behavior among the soldiers. The VC from which
- Bowker took the thumb was just "a boy"(13), giving the image of a young, innocent
- person who should not have been subjected to the horrors of war. The connotation
- associated with boy enhances the fact that killing has no emotional effect on the
- Americans, that they kill for sport and do not care who or what their game may be.
- Just as perverse as killing boys, though, is the killing of "a baby"(85), the connotation
- being associated with human infants even though it is used to describe a young water buffalo
- they torture. The idea of a baby is abstract, and the killing of one is frowned upon
- in modern society, regardless of species. O'Brien creates an attitude of disgust in the
- reader with the word, further fulfilling his purpose in condemning violence. Even more
- drastic in connotation to be killed is the "orphaned puppy"(39). Adding to the present idea of
- killing babies is the idea of killing orphaned babies, which brings out rage within the
- reader. The whole concept is metaphoric, based on the connotations of key words; nevertheless, it is extremely
- effective in conveying O'Brien's theme.
-
- O'Brien makes a valid, effective antiwar statement in The Things They Carried.
- The details he includes give the reader insight into his opinions concerning the
- Vietnam War and the draft that was used to accumulate soldiers for the war. While thinking of
- escaping to Canada, he says: "I was drafted to fight a war I hated. . .The American
- war seemed to me wrong"(44). O'Brien feels that U.S. involvement in Vietnamese affairs
- was unnecessary and wasteful. He includes an account of his plan to leave the country
- because he did not want to risk losing his life for a cause he did not believe in. Here
- O'Brien shows the level of contempt felt towards the war; draft dodging is dangerous. He was
- not a radical antiwar enthusiast, however, for he takes "only a modest stand against the
- war"(44). While not condoning the fighting, he does not protest the war except for
- minimally, peacefully, and privately doing so. His dissatisfaction with the drafting
- process is included in his statement, "I was a liberal, for Christ's sake: if they needed
- fresh bodies, why not draft some back-to-the-stone-age-hawk?"(44). O'Brien's point of drafting only
- those who approve involvement in the war is clearly made while his political
- standpoint is simultaneously revealed. The liberal attitude O'Brien owns is very much a part of his
- antiwar theme; it is the axis around which his values concerning the war revolve.
-
- The antiwar statement is enhanced by O'Brien's use of connotative and
- informal diction to describe the war, its belligerent advocates, and its participants. The
- connotation in the adjective American in describing the war seems as though O'Brien believes the
- Americans are making the war revolve around themselves, instead of the Vietnamese.
- While also criticizing Americans, he manages to once again question the necessity of
- United States involvement in the war. Also connotatively enhancing the antiwar theme
- is the word bodies to describe draftees; while an accurate evaluation scientifically, it
- gives the reader the impression that the young men that are being brought into the war to
- become statistics, part of a body count. O'Brien shows very effectively the massive
- destruction of innocent human life brought on by Vietnam. In contrast with his
- sympathy toward draftees, O'Brien utilizes informal, derogatory diction to describe the war's
- advocates. He labels his stereotype belligerent a "dumb jingo"(44), or moronic
- national pride enthusiast. By phrasing his views in such a manner, O'Brien is able to convey
- the idea that there is enough opposition to the war that a negative slang has been
- implemented frequently, hence the term dumb jingo. The skill with which O'Brien illustrates his
- views is very convincing throughout their development in the novel; his antibelligerence
- focus is very effective.
-
- The social deviance that has become the accepted norm in The Things They
- Carried is brought out by O'Brien in the form of the soldiers' drug usage. O'Brien
- wants to convey the idea of negative transitions brought about by the war with a statement
- about marijuana's public, widespread, carefree use in Vietnam. He includes several
- anecdotes that illustrate to which degree the substance is abused. A friend of O'Brien's, Ted
- Lavender, "carried six or seven ounces of premium dope"(4), which indicates not only
- the soldiers' familiarity with the drug, but their acquired knowledge of the quality of
- the drug. The discouragement of marijuana, as well as other drugs, was previously the accepted
- view of Americans; however, according to O'Brien, is has become the norm for Americans
- in Vietnam. The war has completely reversed their morals. Once they carried a corpse
- out to "a dry paddy. . .and sat smoking the dead man's dope until the chopper came.
- Lieutenant Cross kept to himself"(8). Even the squad's supervisor, the platoon leader
- Lieutenant Cross, is unaffected by the soldiers' blatant use of an illegal substance;
- he has become so used to the occurrence that he no longer condemns its use. For even a leader of men
- to be morally warped by the war is an effective idea in O'Brien's discouragement of war.
-
- As George Carlin once said to a New York audience, "We love war. We are a
- warlike people, and therefore we love war"(Carlin 1992). This view is common today
- among Americans since the advent of long-distance warfare and bright, colorful
- explosions; however, in the guerrilla warfare of Vietnam, the grudging participants
- loathed the idea. Tim O'Brien very effectively portrays their hatred and the severe negative
- effects the war had on American soldiers in his excellent, convincing novel The Things They
- Carried. The skillful choice of details and several types of diction that reveal his
- theme of induced violence, his anti-war statement, and his view of the reversal of morals among
- GIs are effective in presenting O'Brien's views in this, "The Last War Novel"(McClung 96).
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